Master the Basics: Fundamentals of AV Switching Explained

In today's fast-paced and interconnected world, Audio-Visual (AV) technology is omnipresent, empowering us to communicate, collaborate, and entertain like never before. Behind the captivating displays and seamless presentations lies an essential component known as AV switching, a fundamental process that ensures the smooth distribution of audio and video signals to various output devices. While AV switching may seem like a complex realm reserved for experts, mastering its basics is key to unlocking the true potential of AV systems and elevating our multimedia experiences to new heights.

In the ever-evolving landscape of audiovisual technology, the ability to seamlessly switch between multiple sources is a crucial aspect that empowers us to create captivating multimedia experiences. Whether it's in corporate boardrooms, educational institutions, concert halls, or our own living rooms, AV switching plays a fundamental role in ensuring smooth transitions and flawless presentations. As we embark on this journey to delve into the fundamentals of AV switching, let's explore the key components that make it all possible and how they come together to elevate our audiovisual encounters.

AV switchers come in various forms, from simple manual switchers with physical buttons to sophisticated digital switchers with remote control capabilities as these powerful devices enable users to effortlessly switch between sources, ensuring that the right content is displayed at the right time. At its core, AV switching involves the selective distribution of audio and video signals from multiple sources to various destination devices. These sources can include laptops, Blu-ray players, cameras, and more, while destination devices encompass displays, projectors, sound systems, and recording equipment. 

The goal is to seamlessly switch between different sources and destinations, allowing the right content to be displayed or heard at the appropriate moment. Throughout this blog, we'll delve into the key components of AV switching systems and explore the various technologies and protocols that make it all possible. From analogue to digital switching, we'll shed light on the different approaches and their respective advantages. Understanding these mechanisms will enable you to make informed decisions when choosing AV switches that best suit your specific requirements.

Moreover, we'll explore the different types of AV switches available in the market, including matrix switches, presentation switches, and seamless switches, among others. Each type serves distinct purposes, catering to various scenarios, from corporate boardrooms and educational institutions to live event venues and home theatres. By grasping the functionalities of these switches, you'll have the tools to create versatile and adaptable AV setups tailored to your needs.

Furthermore, this blog will address the importance of scalability and expandability in AV switching systems. As technology evolves, so do our AV needs. We'll explore how future-proofing your AV setup ensures its relevance in the face of emerging multimedia formats and advancements. Understanding scalability will empower you to make strategic investments that accommodate growth and new opportunities without the need for significant overhauls.

Troubleshooting is an inevitable aspect of AV technology, and AV switching is no exception. In this blog, we'll equip you with troubleshooting tips and common issues encountered in AV switching systems. Whether it's signal loss, latency, or compatibility concerns, we'll guide you in diagnosing and resolving these challenges effectively. Having the confidence to troubleshoot issues will save time and effort, ensuring your AV system operates at its peak performance.

Join us on this enlightening journey as we dive into the depths of AV switching, unravelling its intricacies and unveiling the mechanisms that make it an indispensable part of our modern lives. Armed with knowledge and insight, you'll be well-equipped to navigate the AV landscape, embracing the power of seamless audio-visual experiences that leave a lasting impact on audiences and users alike. 

Understanding AV Switching

AV switching lies at the core of modern multimedia setups, facilitating the seamless routing of audio and video signals from multiple sources to one or more displays or output devices. This technology is widely employed in various domains, including presentation equipment, live streaming solutions, video conferencing tools, control room technology, home theatre systems, broadcasting equipment, and classroom AV setups. By understanding the fundamentals of AV switching, users can harness its capabilities to optimise their multimedia experiences.

AV Switching Technologies

AV switching technologies play a crucial role in the seamless distribution and management of audio and video signals, enabling efficient communication, collaboration, and entertainment. These technologies encompass various approaches, each offering unique benefits to enhance multimedia experiences. Let's explore some popular AV switching technologies and their advantages:

• Matrix Switching: Matrix switches are versatile solutions that allow multiple audio and video sources to be routed to multiple displays or audio systems simultaneously. With matrix switches, users have the flexibility to control which source is displayed on which display or heard through which audio system. This technology is ideal for large venues, conference rooms, and control centres, where multiple sources need to be distributed to different destinations at any given time.
• Presentation Switching: Presentation switches are designed specifically for smooth AV switching during presentations, making them suitable for boardrooms, classrooms, and lecture halls. They offer user-friendly interfaces with simple control options, allowing presenters to effortlessly switch between different devices, such as laptops, document cameras, and Blu-ray players, while maintaining a seamless transition in front of their audience.
• Seamless Switching: Seamless switches are specialised devices that ensure smooth and instantaneous transitions between different sources. Unlike conventional switches that may cause momentary black screens or signal interruptions during switching, seamless switches eliminate such disruptions, providing a seamless viewing experience. This technology is critical for applications like live events, live broadcasts, and video walls, where uninterrupted content display is essential.

Benefits of AV Switching Technologies

• Enhanced Flexibility: AV switching technologies offer unparalleled flexibility, enabling users to route and control audio and video signals effortlessly. This flexibility ensures that the right content is presented on the right display or audio system, adapting to the specific needs of different scenarios and venues.
• Efficient Resource Utilisation: Matrix switches optimise resource utilisation by sharing AV sources among multiple displays or audio systems. This efficiency reduces the need for redundant equipment, ultimately saving costs and streamlining AV setups.
• Simplified Control: Presentation switches, in particular, provide easy-to-use interfaces, making them accessible even to non-technical users. This simplification enhances user experience and ensures seamless presentations without interruptions or confusion.
• Seamless Transitions: Seamless switches guarantee uninterrupted transitions between sources, maintaining a smooth and professional experience for both presenters and audiences. This feature is especially valuable in high-stakes events and live productions.
• Improved Collaboration: AV switching technologies facilitate real-time collaboration by allowing participants to share content from various devices instantly. Whether it's in a business meeting or an educational setting, seamless switching enhances interaction and engagement among participants.
• Time Savings: Efficient AV switching significantly reduces the time needed to configure setups and transitions. This time-saving benefit is particularly valuable in fast-paced environments, where quick changes between content sources are essential.
• Scalability: Matrix switches are highly scalable, allowing for the expansion of AV setups as needs grow. Businesses and venues can add more sources and destinations over time without overhauling the entire system, protecting their initial investments.
• Professional Appearance: With AV switching technologies, presentations and events maintain a polished and professional appearance. Seamless switching eliminates disruptions, ensuring that audiences remain focused on the content without distractions.
• Future-Proofing: By investing in modern AV switching technologies, businesses and venues can future-proof their AV systems. These technologies are designed to support the latest audio and video formats, ensuring compatibility with upcoming advancements.

AV switching technologies are indispensable components of modern multimedia setups. From matrix switches for versatile distribution to seamless switches for uninterrupted displays, these technologies offer numerous benefits, including enhanced flexibility, efficient resource utilisation, and seamless transitions. Whether in corporate environments, educational institutions, or live events, AV switching technologies elevate audio-visual experiences, creating a more immersive and engaging world of multimedia communication and entertainment.

Av Switcher vs. AV Splitter

AV switchers and AV splitters serve different purposes and cater to distinct use cases. AV switchers are designed for applications where multiple AV sources need to be routed to one or more output devices, providing seamless transitions and versatile control options. On the other hand, AV splitters are suitable for scenarios where one AV source needs to be duplicated and displayed on multiple output devices simultaneously, without the need for switching capabilities. The choice between an AV switcher and an AV splitter depends on the specific requirements of the AV setup and the desired functionality for distributing audio and video signals.

Please note that while AV switchers and AV splitters have different functionalities and applications, they are both valuable tools for managing audiovisual setups efficiently, depending on the specific needs and requirements of a given situation.

Types of AV Switchers

AV switching is a critical aspect of modern multimedia technology, enabling the seamless transmission and routing of audio and video signals from multiple sources to various output devices. It forms the backbone of various setups, including presentation equipment, live streaming solutions, video conferencing tools, control room technology, home theatre systems, broadcasting equipment, and classroom AV setups. Understanding the fundamentals of AV switching is essential to harness the full potential of these setups.

Different Types of AV Switchers and Their Functionalities

AV switchers come in various types, each catering to specific use cases and functionalities. Among them, AV matrix switchers stand out for their ability to offer advanced signal routing capabilities.

• AV Switcher: An AV switcher, also known as an AV selector or AV router, is a device that enables users to connect multiple AV sources to one or more displays or output devices. The primary function of an AV switcher is to allow users to switch between different input sources conveniently. This is particularly useful in scenarios where users want to display content from multiple devices on a single display, such as switching between different laptops during a presentation.
• AV Matrix Switchers: AV matrix switchers take AV switching to a whole new level by offering increased versatility. Unlike standard AV switchers that allow one-to-many or many-to-one signal routing, AV matrix switchers enable users to route any input source to any output display independently. This means users can have multiple input sources connected to multiple displays, and they have full control over which source is displayed on each screen.

For example, in a control room setting, an AV matrix switcher can allow operators to monitor multiple security camera feeds simultaneously on different monitors, providing a comprehensive view of the area under surveillance. In a large conference room, an AV matrix switcher can facilitate the seamless display of various content sources, such as presentation slides, video feeds, and live streaming, on multiple screens.

AV Matrix Switcher Setup and Configuration

Setting up an AV matrix switcher involves connecting all the input sources, such as laptops, media players, cameras, or other AV devices, to the input ports of the switcher. Similarly, the output displays or projectors are connected to the output ports of the switcher. The matrix switcher is then configured using its control interface, which can be a physical panel, remote control, or software-based configuration tool.

Benefits and Applications of AV Matrix Switchers

AV matrix switchers offer several key benefits and find applications in various fields:

• Flexible Signal Routing: With AV matrix switchers, users have the freedom to route any input source to any output display, providing unparalleled flexibility and customization.
• Streamlined Multimedia Presentations: In conference rooms or classrooms, AV matrix switchers simplify the process of managing multiple input sources and ensure smooth, professional presentations.
• Enhanced Control Room Operations: Control room technology heavily relies on AV matrix switchers to monitor and manage various data feeds on multiple screens efficiently.
• Seamless Live Events and Broadcasting: In live events and broadcasting setups, AV matrix switchers enable real-time switching between different camera feeds, ensuring a seamless viewer experience.

Troubleshooting Common AV Switcher Issues

Despite their advanced functionalities, AV matrix switchers may encounter occasional issues. Common troubleshooting tips may include checking cable connections, ensuring firmware updates, or adjusting resolution settings to resolve any signal-related problems.

AV matrix switchers play a pivotal role in AV signal routing, providing unparalleled versatility and control over multimedia setups. Understanding their functionalities and applications is essential for AV professionals and enthusiasts alike, enabling them to optimise their multimedia experiences and presentations.

AV Switcher Setup and Configuration

AV switchers are powerful devices that play a crucial role in AV signal routing, enabling seamless switching between multiple audio and video sources for various applications. Proper setup and configuration of AV switchers are essential to ensure optimal performance and a smooth multimedia experience. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the step-by-step process of setting up an AV switcher and provide best practices for configuration to suit specific requirements.

Fundamentals of AV Switching

Before delving into the setup and configuration, it's important to grasp the fundamentals of AV switching. AV switching involves the management and routing of audio and video signals from different sources to desired output devices, such as displays or projectors. AV switchers come in various types, including matrix switchers that offer advanced signal routing capabilities, making them versatile solutions for a wide range of applications.

AV Switcher Setup: Step-by-Step Guide

1. Identify Input Sources: Begin by identifying the AV sources you wish to connect to the switcher, such as laptops, cameras, media players, or gaming consoles. Consider the number and types of input sources required for your setup.
2. Choose Output Displays: Determine the number of displays or projectors you want to connect to the AV switcher. This could include monitors, screens, or large projectors, depending on your intended use.
3. Check Signal Compatibility: Ensure that the AV switcher supports the signal formats of your input sources and output displays. Compatibility is crucial to avoid any signal loss or degradation.
4. Connect Input Sources: Use the appropriate cables to connect each AV source to the input ports of the AV switcher. Ensure a secure connection to prevent signal interruptions.
5. Connect Output Displays: Connect the output ports of the AV switcher to the corresponding input ports of your displays or projectors using suitable cables.
6. Power On: Power on the AV switcher and all connected devices. Check that each input source is recognized by the switcher and that the output displays are receiving signals.
7. Test Switching Functionality: Use the AV switcher's control interface, whether a physical panel, remote control, or software-based tool, to test the switching functionality. Verify that you can switch between different input sources and display them on the desired output devices.

AV Switcher Configuration Best Practices

• Custom Presets: If your AV switcher supports preset configurations, create custom presets for different setups or scenarios. This will streamline the switching process, making it quick and efficient during presentations or events.
• Signal Resolution and Format: Ensure that the signal resolution and format are correctly configured to match the capabilities of your output displays. Mismatched resolutions can lead to distorted or scaled images.
• Audio Settings: Pay attention to audio settings and ensure that the correct audio channels are routed to the desired output displays or sound systems.
• Labelling Inputs and Outputs: Labelling each input and output port on the AV switcher helps identify sources and displays easily, reducing the chances of errors during switching.

Troubleshooting AV Switcher Issues

AV switchers are indispensable tools for seamless signal routing in various multimedia setups. However, like any technology, AV switchers can encounter issues that may disrupt presentations, events, or critical scenarios. This guide will explore common problems with AV switchers and provide effective troubleshooting tips to ensure smooth AV switching during crucial moments.

Tips for Smooth AV Switching During Critical Scenarios

Smooth AV switching is crucial during critical scenarios such as live events, presentations, and broadcasts. To ensure seamless transitions and a glitch-free experience, consider the following tips:

• Pre-Event Testing: Conduct thorough testing of all AV equipment and connections before the critical event. Verify that all devices are functioning correctly and that the switching process is smooth. Identify and resolve any potential issues in advance to avoid last-minute surprises.
• Backup Systems: Always have backup AV systems and equipment ready in case of technical failures. Redundancy ensures that the event can continue seamlessly even if a primary device malfunctions.
• Simple and Reliable Equipment: Use reliable AV switches with user-friendly interfaces. Opt for devices that offer fast and precise switching capabilities. Avoid complex setups that may introduce unnecessary complications.
• Labelling and Organization: Properly label all AV inputs and outputs to ensure quick and accurate identification during switching. Organise cables and equipment in a logical manner to minimise confusion and save time during critical moments.
• Smooth Transitions: Use seamless AV switches to avoid black screens or signal interruptions during switching. Smooth transitions maintain the flow of the event and keep the audience engaged.
• Switching Synchronisation: Coordinate AV switching with the presenter's cues or event schedule. Ensure that the right content is displayed or played at the appropriate moments, enhancing the overall experience.
• Audio and Video Alignment: Ensure that audio and video signals are synchronised during switching. Any mismatch can be distracting and diminish the impact of the content.
• Professional Operator: Assign an experienced AV operator to manage the switching process. A skilled operator can anticipate cues, make precise switches, and troubleshoot issues promptly.
• Communication and Rehearsals: Establish clear communication channels between the AV operator, presenters, and event organisers. Conduct rehearsals to familiarise everyone with the AV setup and the switching process.
• Signal Quality: Use high-quality cables and connectors to maintain signal integrity. Poor signal quality can lead to image or audio degradation during switching.
• Pre-Programmed Switching Sequences: For complex events, pre-program switching sequences to automate certain transitions. This reduces the chance of human error and ensures accurate and timely switching.
• Technical Support On-Site: Have technical support readily available on-site to address any unexpected issues during the event. Quick troubleshooting and problem-solving can save valuable time and prevent disruptions.
• Avoid Frequent Switching: Minimise unnecessary switching between sources to maintain a stable AV environment. Frequent switching may increase the risk of errors or interruptions.
• Prepare for Contingencies: Have contingency plans in place for unexpected scenarios. This includes alternate content, backup equipment, and emergency switching procedures.

By implementing these tips, you can significantly enhance the AV switching process during critical scenarios, creating a seamless and memorable experience for your audience and ensuring the success of your event.

Comparing AV Switcher Options

AV switching is the process of routing audio and video signals from multiple sources to desired output devices. AV switchers, including AV matrix switchers, are essential components in multimedia setups, allowing users to seamlessly switch between different input sources for presentations, live streaming, video conferencing, control rooms, home theatres, and classrooms.

Key Factors to Consider in AV Switcher Comparison

• Signal Compatibility: Check whether the AV switcher supports the signal formats and resolutions of your input sources and output displays.
• Input and Output Ports: Evaluate the number and types of input and output ports offered by each AV switcher model to ensure it meets your specific setup requirements.
• Switching Speed: Consider the speed at which the AV switcher can transition between different input sources, especially for critical live events.
• Scalability: Determine whether the AV switcher can accommodate future expansion needs, such as adding more input sources or output displays.
• Control Interface: Assess the ease of use and functionality of the AV switcher's control interface, as it directly impacts the user experience.

When comparing AV switcher options, consider factors such as signal compatibility, ports, switching speed, scalability, and control interface. User reviews and experiences can also provide valuable insights into the performance of specific models. By using this guide, readers can make well-informed decisions and choose the best AV switcher that meets their unique multimedia needs.

AV Switcher Maintenance

AV switcher maintenance is crucial to ensure reliable and consistent performance while prolonging the lifespan of the equipment. Here are essential maintenance practices for AV switchers:

• Regular Cleaning: Dust and debris can accumulate inside AV switchers, affecting cooling and leading to overheating. Regularly clean the switcher's vents and internal components using compressed air to prevent dust build-up.
• Proper Ventilation: Ensure that the AV switcher has adequate ventilation to dissipate heat effectively. Avoid placing it in enclosed spaces or stacking other equipment on top, which can obstruct airflow.
• Firmware Updates: Check for and install firmware updates provided by the manufacturer. These updates often include bug fixes, performance improvements, and compatibility enhancements that can optimise the switcher's functionality.
• Quality Cables and Connections: Use high-quality cables and connectors for all AV connections. Poor-quality cables can lead to signal degradation and intermittent issues.
• Secure Mounting: Ensure that the AV switcher is securely mounted to prevent vibrations and potential damage. Use appropriate mounting brackets or racks for a stable installation.
• Environmental Considerations: Keep the AV switcher in a controlled environment, avoiding extreme temperatures, humidity, and exposure to direct sunlight. Such conditions can adversely affect the performance and longevity of the equipment.
• Scheduled Inspections: Perform routine inspections of the AV switcher to identify any signs of wear, loose connections, or abnormal behaviour. Address any issues promptly to prevent further damage.
• Backup Power: Consider using a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) to protect the switcher from power surges and provide temporary power during brief outages. This prevents sudden shutdowns that could harm the equipment.
• Avoid Overloading: Do not exceed the switcher's maximum input or output capacity. Overloading the switcher can lead to signal degradation and possible damage to the device.
• Labelling and Documentation: Clearly label all connections and document the setup for easy troubleshooting and maintenance in the future.
• Service and Calibration: Periodically have the AV switcher serviced by authorised technicians to ensure it remains in optimal condition. Calibration adjustments may be necessary to maintain audio and video quality.
• Secure Storage: If the AV switcher is not in use for an extended period, store it in a clean and dry environment with appropriate protective covers to prevent dust and damage.

By following these essential maintenance practices, you can ensure the reliable operation and consistent performance of your AV switcher, allowing it to function optimally throughout its lifespan. A well-maintained AV switcher enhances your overall AV system's reliability and contributes to seamless audio-visual experiences in various applications.

Conclusion

Congratulations, dear readers, on mastering the basics of AV switching! We embarked on a journey to demystify the intricate world of audio-visual technology and delve into the fundamental process that underpins seamless multimedia experiences. Throughout this blog, we explored the essential components of AV switching, the various technologies available, and the benefits they bring to our daily lives.

By understanding the role of AV switchers in routing and managing audio and video signals, we have unlocked the potential to create captivating presentations, dynamic live events, and immersive entertainment setups. The knowledge gained empowers us to make informed decisions when selecting the right AV switcher for our specific needs, whether in corporate settings, educational institutions, or home entertainment setups.

We learned that matrix switches offer unparalleled versatility, enabling the distribution of multiple AV sources to various output devices, while seamless switches deliver uninterrupted transitions that maintain the flow of content during critical scenarios. Presentation switches simplify the process for speakers and educators, allowing them to effortlessly switch between different devices, enhancing communication and engagement.

Smooth AV switching is crucial in critical scenarios, and we explored essential tips to ensure glitch-free performance during live events, presentations, and broadcasts. From pre-event testing and contingency planning to seamless transitions and signal integrity, these tips equip us to navigate challenging situations and deliver seamless audio-visual experiences to our audiences.

The fundamentals of AV switching lay the foundation for deeper insights into advanced concepts, such as multi-format switching, video scaling, and integrated AV control systems. Embrace the opportunity to stay updated with the latest advancements, as the AV industry continues to evolve rapidly.

Moreover, we encourage you to apply this newfound knowledge to your own AV setups, whether at work, at home, or in your creative projects. By mastering the basics of AV switching, you hold the keys to creating engaging and impactful multimedia experiences that leave a lasting impression on your audience.

Remember that AV technology is not only about impressive displays and crystal-clear audio; it's about enhancing communication, fostering collaboration, and creating memorable moments. As you continue on your AV journey, always prioritise reliability, user-friendliness, and scalability when selecting AV switchers and related equipment.

Finally, we extend our gratitude for joining us on this exploration of AV switching fundamentals. We hope this blog has provided you with valuable insights and empowered you to navigate the world of audio-visual technology with confidence. Whether you are a seasoned professional or an enthusiastic beginner, we believe that understanding the basics is essential to unleashing the true potential of AV systems.

As you embark on your AV endeavours, may you master the art of AV switching, amplifying your impact, and creating extraordinary multimedia experiences? Embrace the magic of AV technology, and let your creativity and knowledge shine through as you master the art of seamlessly connecting audio and video, inspiring others with every presentation, event, or production.

FAQs

What are the fundamentals of AV switching?

The fundamentals of AV switching involve the process of routing audio and video signals from multiple sources to one or more output devices. AV switchers enable seamless transitions between different sources, allowing users to display or hear the desired content at any given moment. Understanding the basics of AV switching includes learning about different types of switchers, their functionalities, and how they can be used in various scenarios, such as live events, presentations, and home entertainment setups.

How does an AV switcher work?

An AV switcher works by receiving audio and video signals from multiple sources and then selectively routing these signals to one or more output devices. Users can control the switching process manually using buttons or switches on the switcher itself or through remote control interfaces. When a specific source is selected, the AV switcher directs that source's audio and video signals to the chosen output, allowing the content to be displayed on a monitor, projector, or heard through speakers. Seamless AV switchers ensure smooth and uninterrupted transitions between sources, maintaining the flow of the presentation or event.

What are the benefits of using AV matrix switchers?

AV matrix switchers offer several advantages, primarily due to their versatility in routing multiple sources to multiple outputs. The benefits of using AV matrix switchers include flexibility in managing audio and video signals, scalability to accommodate expanding AV setups, and efficient resource utilisation. With matrix switchers, users can create complex AV configurations, ideal for applications like conference rooms, control centres, and live event venues. Additionally, they simplify control and eliminate the need for multiple switchers, reducing clutter and improving overall system efficiency.

How to troubleshoot common AV switcher problems?

Common AV switcher problems include signal loss, no audio or video output, and switching delays. Troubleshooting steps may involve checking cable connections, ensuring proper power supply, and verifying input/output settings. Upgrading firmware and using high-quality cables can also resolve some issues. It's essential to refer to the switcher's user manual and seek technical support if problems persist.

What is the best AV switcher for live streaming?

The best AV switcher for live streaming depends on specific requirements and budget. Consider factors like the number of inputs and outputs needed, support for desired video resolutions, and seamless switching capabilities. Some popular options include multi-format switchers with integrated audio mixing and streaming features, enabling direct live streaming to platforms like YouTube or Facebook.

Can AV switchers be used in control rooms?

Yes, AV switchers are commonly used in control rooms. They allow operators to manage multiple video sources and displays, such as security cameras, monitoring screens, and data visualisation systems. AV matrix switchers, in particular, are well-suited for control rooms, enabling efficient routing and control of diverse AV signals.

Are there affordable AV switcher options?

Yes, there are affordable AV switcher options available, especially for simpler setups with fewer inputs and outputs. HDMI and VGA switchers, designed for home theatres or small conference rooms, are generally more budget-friendly. As the number of inputs and outputs and additional features increase, the cost may rise, but it's possible to find cost-effective solutions tailored to specific needs.

What features should I consider when buying an AV switcher?

When buying an AV switcher, consider the number of inputs and outputs required, supported video resolutions, seamless switching capabilities, control interface (e.g., front panel buttons, remote control, or software), and additional features like audio de-embedding, EDID management, and picture-in-picture. Scalability, compatibility with existing AV equipment, and ease of installation and configuration are also important factors to ensure the switcher meets specific application needs.